Takemitsu Toru (武満 徹) – To the Edge of Dream (1983), for guitar and orchestra.
John Williams, guitar
London Sinfonietta/Esa-Pekka Salonen.

A review by Blue Gene Tyranny

This 13-minute work was commissioned by Ichiro Suzuki and the Festival International de Liége held in Belgium. It is scored for an orchestra typical of Debussy (the Romantic period orchestra plus two harps and expanded percussion section), as are most of Takemitsu’s other orchestral works. Takemitsu himself was known as a fine guitarist and much of the decidedly virtuosic writing for the guitar solo is a series of fantastical, dreamy interpretations of traditionally “typical” guitar gestures (various kinds of strumming, triplet-feel Dowland-like dances, various arpeggios); but the primary idea is a series of complex harmonic variations on the e-minor seventh chord which is heard, at forte level, at the guitar’s first entrance in the piece. The rich lower open E-string sound implies the richly resonant harmonics that form the basis of the subtly shifting tone colors in the work. Takemitsu layers timbres in dense textures, like Webern or Schoenberg, or creates fleeting passages where densely harmonized lines occur in rhythmic unison among several instruments (for example, the shimmering tutti figures for two harps, celesta, vibraphone and glockenspiel in the fourth measure of the introduction). As a whole, the piece seems to proceed from conscious gestures “to the edge of dream” – after the final extended cadenza for the guitar, the orchestra enters with a brief yet stunning coda built of string section harmonics alternating with otherworldly chords played by a double harp/ celesta / vibraphone / triangle / woodwind / trumpet combination, the whole forming a fragmented event horizon of consciousness.

Tōru Takemitsu (武満 徹, Takemitsu Tōru, October 8, 1930 – February 20, 1996) was a Japanese composer and writer on aesthetics and music theory. Though largely self-taught, Takemitsu is recognised for his skill in the subtle manipulation of instrumental and orchestral timbre, drawing from a wide range of influences, including jazz, popular music, avant-garde procedures and traditional Japanese music, in a harmonic idiom largely derived from the music of Claude Debussy and Olivier Messiaen.

In 1951 Takemitsu was a founding member of the anti-academic Jikken Kōbō (実験工房, “experimental workshop”): an artistic group established for multidisciplinary collaboration on mixed-media projects, who sought to avoid Japanese artistic tradition. The performances and works undertaken by the group introduced several contemporary Western composers to Japanese audiences. During this period he wrote Saegirarenai Kyūsoku I (“Uninterrupted Rest I”, 1952: a piano work, without a regular rhythmic pulse or barlines); and by 1955 Takemitsu had begun to use electronic tape-recording techniques in such works as Relief Statique (1955) and Vocalism A·I (1956).

During his time with Jikken Kōbō, Takemitsu came into contact with the experimental work of John Cage. Although the immediate influence of Cage’s procedures did not last in Takemitsu’s music, certain similarities between Cage’s philosophies and Takemitsu’s thought remained. For example, Cage’s emphasis on timbres within individual sound-events, and his notion of silence “as plenum rather than vacuum”, can be aligned with Takemitsu’s interest in ma (a japanese concept usually translated as the space between two objects). Furthermore, Cage’s interest in Zen practice (through his contact with Zen Master Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki) seems to have resulted in a renewed interest in the East in general, and ultimately alerted Takemitsu to the potential for incorporating elements drawn from Japanese traditional music into his composition:

I must express my deep and sincere gratitude to John Cage. The reason for this is that in my own life, in my own development, for a long period I struggled to avoid being “Japanese”, to avoid “Japanese” qualities. It was largely through my contact with John Cage that I came to recognize the value of my own tradition.

In particular, Takemitsu perceived that, for example, the sound of a single stroke of the biwa or single pitch breathed through the shakuhachi, could

so transport our reason because they are of extreme complexity […] already complete in themselves.

This fascination with the sounds produced in traditional Japanese music brought Takemitsu to his idea of ma which ultimately informed his understanding of the intense quality of traditional Japanese music as a whole:

Just one sound can be complete in itself, for its complexity lies in the formulation of ma, an unquantifiable metaphysical space (duration) of dynamically tensed absence of sound. For example, in the performance of nō, the ma of sound and silence does not have an organic relation for the purpose of artistic expression. Rather, these two elements contrast sharply with one another in an immaterial balance.

So we can see this strange situation: an eastern composer that first avoid the eastern music, reconcile with it thanks to a western composer.

Toru Takemitsu: “Rain Tree Sketch” (1982) – Roger Woodward, piano.

Di Takemitsu abbiamo già parlato. anche perché, sebbene non sia un compositore fondamentale per la musica occidentale (anche se è un personaggio chiave nel suo paese), mi piace. Il suo è uno strano caso: quello di un autore che riesce ad esprimere l’animo orientale utilizzando un linguaggio così lontano dall’oriente come è quello della musica contemporanea occidentale. Ne risulta un’atmosfera che non è né occidentale né orientale, ma conserva dei tratti di entrambe le culture.

L’origine di questo brano per pianoforte solo risale ad un’altra opera di Takemitsu: Rain Tree, per trio di percussioni, del 1981. Quest’ultima, a sua volta, si ispira a una novella di Kenzaburo Oe in cui è descritto un albero con molte piccole foglie, in grado di trattenere l’acqua della pioggia mattutina, tanto da rilasciarla gradualmente durante il giorno, cosicché, anche se il temporale è passato, sotto quell’albero piove (頭のいい雨の木, racconto del 1980 non tradotto; il titolo significa L’intelligente albero della pioggia).

Rain Tree Sketch è fortamente influenzato da Messiaen, compositore che Takemitsu ha sempre amato, tanto da dedicargli un Rain Tree Sketch II dopo aver appreso della sua morte.

Qui Takemitsu usa i modi a trasposizione limitata del compositore francese per definire le altezze. Dinamiche e accenti, così come la pedalizzazione, sono precisamente notati al fine di creare una varietà di sfumature e di risonanze.

Di Toru Takemitsu, vi presento questo delizioso Textures del 1964, recuperato da un vecchio vinile.

In questo brano, l’orchestra di 73 elementi è divisa in due gruppi uguali, piazzati da parti opposte rispetto al pianoforte, sistemato in posizione centrale. Questo espediente, coadiuvato dalla scrittura, serve ad ottenere un marcato effetto stereofonico.

La scrittura, inoltre, è solistica fino al livello del singolo esecutore per creare tessiture sonore elaborate e cangianti.

• Toru Takemitsu – Textures (1964), per orchestra