Winter Leaves is an investigation into the relationships between harmony and timbre.
The basic technique is to build sounds whose spectra have a harmonic value. One of the ways to achieve this is to create sounds whose spectral components have chordal relationships.
In fact, Winter Leaves is based on 3 sounds, each made up of 5 sinusoids whose frequencies have a fixed musical interval between them. All sounds are built on the same root (47.5 Hz, about G). The other 4 components have ratios of 2 (8ve) in the first sound, of 2.24 (major 9th) in the second and 2.8856 (non-tempered interval corresponding to an increasing 11th) in the third.
The 3 basic sounds, therefore, have the following sinusoidal components:
- Ratio 2 -> 47.5, 95, 190, 380, 760 (overlapped 8ve)
- Ratio 2.24 -> 47.5, 106.4, 238.3, 533.9, 1195.9 (overlapped 9th)
- Ratio 2.8856 -> 47.5, 137.1, 395.5, 1141.3, 3293.4 (overlapped 11th+).
Of course spectra like this have both a tonal and a harmonic value. In the first spectrum the sound is a perfect consonance, in the second is a temperated dissonance and in the third with a non-tempered sound.
Each of these spectra, synthesized with 5 oscillators, is then enriched by a ring modulation between the 5 basic components taken 2 to 2. By this way we create more components whose frequencies are the sum and the difference between the basic ones. This new frequencies are used both as spectral components and as ‘notes’ on which to articulate the melodic/harmonic structure.
The following table shows the 3 sets of frequencies that can be seen both as a melodic/harmonic structure and timbral organization. In fact, Winter Leaves is totally built on them because:
- the melodic/harmonic texture is based on the 3 sets considered as scales, used in most cases alone and superimposed only in the phases of transition from one set to another (passages which happens frequently throughout the piece)
- the timbral texture uses only these frequencies as sinusoidal components of the sounds, from one set at a time (there is no sound that is a mix of frequencies coming from several sets) with overlapping at the points of passage. To obtain these sounds, 3 types of instruments have been programmed in Music360 (the CSound’s ancestor):
- additive synthesis on the 5 basic components (generates only the blue components, yellow background)
- ring modulation synthesis between one or more pairs of base frequencies (generates the red components with or without the generator pairs)
- various combinations of the above 2, up to an instrument that generates a sound containing all the frequencies of an ensemble
There are, therefore, both spectra with a normal type organization in which the lowest components are also the strongest and the amplitude decreases towards the treble, and sideband spectra in which the central components have greater amplitude.
| Ratio 2 |
Ratio 2.24 |
Ratio 2.8856 |
|||
| Freq. Base |
Freq. ± | Freq. Base |
Freq. ± | Freq. Base |
Freq. ± |
| 1140.0 | 1729.7 | 4434.7 | |||
| 950.0 | 1434.2 | 3688.9 | |||
| 855.0 | 1302.3 | 3430.4 | |||
| 807.5 | 1243.4 | 3340.9 | |||
| 760.0 | 1195.9 | 3293.4 | |||
| 712.5 | 1148.4 | 3245.9 | |||
| 665.0 | 1089.5 | 3156.3 | |||
| 570.0 | 957.5 | 2897.8 | |||
| 570.0 | 772.2 | 2152.0 | |||
| 475.0 | 662.0 | 1536.8 | |||
| 427.5 | 640.3 | 1278.4 | |||
| 380.0 | 581.4 | 1188.8 | |||
| 380.0 | 533.9 | 1141.3 | |||
| 332.5 | 486.4 | 1093.8 | |||
| 285.0 | 427.5 | 1004.2 | |||
| 285.0 | 344.7 | 745.8 | |||
| 237.5 | 295.5 | 532.6 | |||
| 190.0 | 285.8 | 443.0 | |||
| 190.0 | 238.3 | 395.5 | |||
| 142.5 | 190.8 | 348.0 | |||
| 142.5 | 153.9 | 258.5 | |||
| 95.0 | 131.9 | 184.6 | |||
| 95.0 | 106.4 | 137.1 | |||
| 47.5 | 58.9 | 89.6 | |||
| 47.5 | 47.5 | 47.5 |
Analyzing the 3 sets, it can be seen that the properties of the base frequencies are reflected in the frequencies generated by sum and difference. In particular:
- ratio 2 generates only harmonic components
- the ratio 2.24 generates both harmonic and inharmonic components
- the ratio 2.8856 generates almost exclusively inharmonic components
So it is possible to gradually move from fields of harmonic sounds to fields of partially or totally inharmonic sounds by juxtaposing and/or superimposing areas in which the musical figures are articulated on different ensembles. The following image highlights the common areas that can be used as a bridge.

Winter Leaves gain a mention at the 9th International Electroacoustic Music Awards in Bourges (1981) and was analyzed in detail in a PhD thesis in Musique et musicologie du XXème siècle at the Université de Paris IV – Sorbonne and Music Sciences at the Università degli Studi di Trento (XVI cycle) [Laura Zattra, Science and technology as sources of inspiration at the CSC of Padua and the IRCAM of Paris, 2003]. Here you can read a summary in Italian of the analysis taken from the above thesis.
Click here to listen. Duration about 8’30 “.
NB: MP3 compressed at bitrate 128. Original on vinyl [ConTempo Musical Editions INSOUND 2 – Record LP Edipan PRC S2016].






R. Murray Schafer – Snowforms (1982) – for treble choir

























The Beam Drop



Dal fascinoso Zodiac, del percussionista inglese
La
Il 



Agnes Heginger, soprano e Karlheinz Essl, elettronico, hanno registrato poco meno di un anno fa, all’Essl Museum in Vienna, questo disco, dal titolo Out of the Blue.


ToBeContinued…
The Drawing Center
The sound of Akashic Crow’s Nest begins with the use of an image synthesizer which turns very long photographic images into audio output, in the manner of a piano roll. The initial part of composing this music is thus designing the picture. For this latest project, the first audio output is converted to midi and run through a different softsynth, before being subjected to a battery of effects to get to the sounds you hear on this album.


“Music,” says Toshio Hosokawa, “is the place where notes and silence meet.” This identifies his aesthetic concept as a genuinely Japanese one. It is found both in Japanese landscape painting and in the music, such as the courtly gagaku, in which audible sound always stands in relation to nonsound, i.e. to silence. In their rhythmic proportions Hosokawa’s compositions are oriented around the breathing methods of Zen meditation, with their very slow breathing in and very slow breathing out: “Each breath contains life and death, death and life.”


Era tempo che qualcuno diffondesse una nuova versione di alcuni brani del ciclo 



The new album by
Octandre è rappresentativo di un modo di comporre tipico di Edgar Varèse, sviluppando e variando piccoli frammenti sonori. Lo stesso compositore lo descrive mediante una analogia con la crescita di un cristallo.
…consiste nel fatto che un uomo corpulento, gioviale e ciarliero si metta a scrivere della musica ai limiti dell’udibile. In un secolo rumoroso come il nostro, Morton Feldman ha scelto di essere silenzioso e soffice come la neve.

Philippe Manoury
Un impressionante brano del chitarrista e improvvisatore 
Keith Rowe, forse il prototipo dei chitarristi improvvisatori di scuola anglosassone, esegue un brano di Cornelius Cardew tratto dall’album “A Dimension of Perfectly Ordinary Reality” del 1990.


Searching the old releases from 





Ylem è un termine usato da
20’51” è il nuovo lavoro del compositore colombiano, trasferito a NY,
Tripla maledizione, scrivere necrologi è deprimente.
No, non si tratta della sonata 29 op. 106 di Ludwig Van, ma di un recente lavoro elettroacustico di 




Uno dei desideri di 



Bellissimo e spiazzante è ciò che il compositore dice del silenzio, che abbonda in quest’opera:
Jacob Sudol è un giovane compositore americano. Giovane davvero, una volta tanto, essendo nato a Des Moines, Iowa, nel 1980.
Wolfang Rihm è una figura abbastanza importante nella musica contemporanea tedesca. Nato nel 1952 a Karlsruhe, di formazione musicale tradizionale, pur avendo poi studiato con Stockhausen non aderì mai completamente allo sperimentalismo di Darmstadt e Donaueschingen.











Ho visitato
È morto il compositore
Cosa ci fa Alfred Hitchcock sul
Ecco come si faceva musica elettronica qualche anno fa. Visto che qualcuno di voi ci è nato nel 1982, magari così si fa un’idea.
La prima volta che incontrai Barry Truax (nella foto a 2/3 anni), al CSC di Padova alla fine degli anni ’70, io ero uno studente e lui era già un guru della computer music che aveva al suo attivo il POD (un software per la composizione assistita da computer) e una convincente sistematizzazione compositiva della modulazione di frequenza e alcuni brani che la sfruttavano, come Sonic Landscape e Androginy.
Un buon lavoro questo 










The Well-Tuned Piano is La Monte Young’s magnum opus, the work in which many of his theories are crystallized and laid out for the listener. It’s a massive solo piano performance, lasting a little over five hours, during which Young displays virtually every combination of chords that he deems special, seguing one into another. At the end of the day, the question is: Given the formal system and obviously huge amount of time devoted to its investigation, is the resultant music beautiful enough to justify the large amount of hype accompanying the project? The first thing that strikes the listener is the sound of the piano itself, a Bosendorfer that has been tuned in just intonation. [
Difficile scrivere poche righe su 
L’ho ascoltato guardando l’indicatore del traffico di rete che mostrava kili e kili di zeri viaggiare da MySpace al mio computer.











Maderna (nella foto, con Berio) è morto il 13 Novembre 1973 a soli 53 anni.
Il rivolgersi a oriente tipico della seconda metà degli anni ’60 coinvolge anche Stockhausen che, nel fatidico 1968, abbraccia con decisione le filosofie orientali. Passando attraverso Stimmung, giungerà gradualmente alla definizione di una musica intuitiva, praticamente priva di partitura
Questo non significa che tutta l’opera, che dura ben 70 minuti, sia costituita da un unico accordo, ma quasi. Un accordo di 6 note implica una gamma di possibilità che va dalle singole note fino ad accordi composti di 2, 3, 4, 5 e finalmente 6 note. Inoltre, ogni nota può essere potenzialmente eseguita da più di un cantante (tutti dovrebbero poter cantare il RE).




